Purpose of the study. The study of indicators and results of routine (scheduled) immunization of the population with diphtheria toxoid in accordance with the approved immunization schedule for the period 1970-1995.

Material and research methods. A retrospective analysis of the results of routine (scheduled) immunization of the population with diphtheria toxoid was carried out in accordance with the approved immunization schedule for the period 1970-1995. The study was conducted at the State Institution “Republican Center for Statistics and Medical Information” and the State Institution “Republican Center for Immunoprophylaxis” and assessed epidemiological risk factors, possible causes of the recurrence of the diphtheria epidemic in the country.

Results of the study and their discussion. Routine (scheduled) immunization of the population with diphtheria toxoid introduced in the late 1950s led to a decrease in the incidence of diphtheria by the end of the 1980s. Violation of an adequate vaccine supply system, subsequent events of a political and socio-economic nature, pronounced migration phenomena, lack of resources for the prevention and treatment of diphtheria did not allow in 1991-1992. to maintain the level of universal immunization of children reached by the year 1990, which led not only to an increase in the incidence, but also to a change in the epidemiological nature of the prevalence of diphtheria. If over the next 22 years (1970-1992) only 388 cases were registered (1991 - 5, 1992 -14), then in 1993 - 678, 1994 - 1912 and in 1996 - 4455 cases of diphtheria.

Conclusion. Timely implementation of routine immunization in accordance with the approved immunization schedule will lead to a decisive reduction in the incidence of diphtheria.

The aim of the study. To study the condition of periodontal tissues of supporting teeth of prosthetic structures and the hygienic condition of dental supraconstructive elements.

Material and methods of research. Orthopedic dental treatment was examined and performed on 71 patients aged 20 to 60 years, including 29 men and 42 women. The hygienic condition of the oral cavity was assessed using the Green Vermillion Index. X-ray examination was carried out after the implant was installed and after the fixation of the orthopedic structure.

The results of the study and their discussion. In orthopedic treatment of patients with dental implants on the lower jaw, supporting teeth were mainly used as supporting elements, of which 35% were second premolars, 13% molars, 6% second incisors and 3% central incisors. According to X-ray studies, it was found that in 78% of cases depulpated teeth were used as supporting elements in prosthetic structures on implants. Among the examined patients, in 89.7% of cases, depulpated teeth were found on the lower jaw. When prosthetics of defects in the dentition on the upper jaw with the use of depulpated teeth as bridge prostheses supports in 41%, central incisors were used, in 21%-canines, in 17% - second incisors and first molars, in 4% - first molars. The percussion of the supporting teeth was negative. In 58 patients, the hygienic index corresponded to the norm, and in 42% the value of the studied index was equal. The results of the primary analysis of the hygiene index of the supraconstruction with fixation on dental implants averaged 18.8%, the plaque of the supraconstruction covering the neck of the abutment circularly 49% of the plaque on the artificial crown of the supraconstruction - 26.3% and only in 5.6% of cases on the neck, the plaque of the supraconstruction was not detected in 98.6% of cases.

Conclusions. Destructive changes in the periodontal support teeth can be a source of penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the implant zone. It follows from this that the effective treatment of previously depulped teeth guarantees the stability of these teeth as supporting elements of prosthetic structures on dental implants.

Purpose of the study. To study the effectiveness of the drug Keraton and VitA-Pos at the stages of treatment of patients with occupational chemical damage to the organ of vision.

Materials and methods of research: included: clinical examination of the cornea, fluorescein staining, determination of the corneal lesion index, photographing the anterior part of the eyes.

Clinical studies were conducted in 21 (28 eyes) patients with burn eye disease. The comparative dynamics of complications of eye burn disease during traditional and combined treatment using keratoprotectors and immunostimulants (Keraton and VitA-POS) in the clinic was studied.

Research results and discussion. All 21 patients (28 eyes) were divided into 2 groups. In the main group, treatment was carried out in 11 (17 eyes) patients with the keratoprotector Keraton, which was instilled 1 drop 4 times a day and the immunostimulant VitA-POS at night before bedtime. In the control group, 10 (11 eyes) patients were treated with dexpanthenol gel 5% 2 times a day until complete epithelialization.

According to the outcome, healing without scars within 7-10 days was observed in 11 (52.38%) patients, healing almost without scars, epithelization not only from the periphery, but also due to processes in - 5 (23.81%), inevitable rough scar healing with slow epithelization only from the edges in 3 (14.29%), tissue defects and cicatricial deformities were noted in 2 (9.52%) patients.

Conclusions. 1. The use of the drug Keraton and VitA-POS showed its effectiveness and good tolerability in all patients who suffered occupational injuries.

2. The use of combination therapy with PERG led to more structured and anatomically correct healing of the cornea in 80% of patients than treatment with an alternative drug in the control group.

Purpose of the work. To evaluate the correlation between the content of total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity with the antimicrobial and fungicidal effect of plant extracts, depending on natural and environmental conditions.

Materials and methods. The antimicrobial activity of the obtained extracts was studied against four types of standard (reference) microorganisms: S. aureus, E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa and Kl.pneumoniae. The study of antifungal properties was carried out in relation to the reference strain of C. albicans. For statistical processing of the results obtained, the application package Statistica 10.0 (Statsoft, USA) was used.

Research results. Two species of wild widespread onions were studied - A. oshaninii O. Fedtsch. and A. suworowii Regel, growing at various altitudes. It has been established that the accumulation of the biocomponents we studied is approximately the same in all parts, regardless of the location and height of growth. With the same content of total polyphenols and total antioxidant activity in the bulbs, plants collected at different altitudes differed markedly in their ability to inhibit the growth of the reference strain of S. aureus. With the same value, the indicators of biocomponents in bulbs, plants collected at altitudes of 1240 - 1260 m and altitudes of 1400 m showed a fairly high degree of bactericidal activity. There is no correlation between the content of biocomponents with antimicrobial and fungicidal activity depending on the height and location of collection of the studied raw materials.

Conclusions. In some cases, direct correlations of varying strength can be traced between the content of polyphenols, antioxidant abilities, antimicrobial and fungicidal properties. There is no relationship between the content of biocomponents with antimicrobial and fungicidal activity depending on the height of growth of the raw material.

Purpose of the study. Analysis and determination of consistency and inconsistency of complex sentences of the source text in English and their translation into Tajik, improving the quality of translation and understanding the main problems that arise when translating between these languages.

Material and research methods. The study used a comparative analysis of complex sentences from source texts in English and their translations into Tajik language using methods of linguistic analysis and qualitative assessment, and also examined the lexical, grammatical and cultural features of both languages that affect the quality of translation.

The results of the study and their discussion. The results of the study showed that inconsistencies in translations of complex sentences are often due to differences in grammar, semantics and structure of languages, which highlights the need for careful analysis and adaptation when translating between English and Tajik.

Conclusion. When translating complex sentences from English into Tajik and vice versa, emphasis should be placed on taking into account the grammatical, lexical and cultural features of both languages, which helps to improve the quality and accuracy of the translation.

Purpose of the research. Studying of manipulative communication between students and teachers.

Material and methods of research. The research was carried out on the basis of monitoring of the educational process and analysis of the passing exams and ratings in educational institutions.

Results of the research and its discussion. As it has shown in this research, the student-manipulator attaches great importance to the formation of attraction through non-verbal influence on the teacher. Most of, students often mention the ability to portray a sickly, tired look, an intelligent facial expression, an attentive and interested listener, to cry or smile in time. According to students sights, the teacher can be “innocent”, “languid”, “interested”, “understanding”, “begging”. The image created with the help of clothes, jewelry, make-up may vary depending on the situation, the teacher, the manipulative intention.

The teacher’s natural defense against student manipulation is a high degree of his professionalism and communicative competence (3).

Conclusion. The manipulative communication in higher education is counterproductive, and work to prevent it will contribute to the establishment of truly humane relationships between teachers and students, contributing to an increase in the effectiveness of educational work at the university, professional and personal growth of participants in pedagogical interaction.

The purpose of the study. The study of problems directly related to the professional training of highly educated social workers in the Republic of Tajikistan according to the requirements of modern times.

Materials and methods of research. Analysis of the Laws of the Republic of Tajikistan and regulatory and legal documents in the field of social protection, statistics of the Republic of Tajikistan, statistical reports of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Republic of Tajikistan.

The result of the research and its review. According to the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On Social Services” dated January 5, 2008, No. 359, the following social services are provided to the population: social-domestic, social-medical, psychological-pedagogical, social-legal, other services and material assistance, adaptation and well-being. In the era of modern development, the system of social services is in the stage of formation, and one of the main signs is its infrastructural development. In the Republic of Tajikistan, there are 53 day-stay social service centers for citizens in difficult life situations, including disabled children. By 2022, the share of users of social services has been increased to 13,000. Today, a large number of social service institutions provide social services to the elderly and disabled, including medical, social, and social-domestic services.

Conclusion. Theoretical and experimental studies have revealed the main problems of professional training of social workers in institutions of higher education, and ways to overcome them have been worked out. Active cooperation between higher education institutions and representatives of social protection structures is important for effective solution of this problem. Despite the existing problems, the process of training social workers is currently actively developing and has become an integral part of the professional education system.

Objective. Improving educational programs at the Department of Histology and finding the most optimal approach to assessing students in accordance with the credit-module system of education.

Material and methods. At present, the Department of Histology of the Non-governmental educational institution “Medical-Social Institute of Tajikistan” conducts lectures and practical classes in the second semester of the first year and in the third semester of the second year of the following faculties: “General Medicine”, “Dentistry”, “Medical Psychology” and foreign students on a credit-modular system. The department delivers lectures and conducts practical classes in three languages: state, Russian and English in the subjects of “Histology”, “Embryology” and “Microanatomy”. As the main form of work with students, the department traditionally combines two types of activities: 1) classroom classes, including lectures and practical exercises (independent work with a teacher); 2) independent work of students (SIW).

Research results and discussion. Changing the conditions for assessing students in the framework of the Bologna system of education requires the improvement of the methodology for conducting practical classes in the course of histology. Each practical lesson in histology consists of the following stages: 1) preliminary independent study by the student of the relevant section of the textbook and lectures, independent work of students (SIW); 2) checking the assimilation of the material by the teacher; 3) independent study by students of histological preparations under a microscope; 4) students’ sketching of micropreparations with the designation of all structures in individual albums (SIRS).

Assessment of students’ knowledge in 3 stages: 1) current control - all types of educational work are taken into account (classroom and extracurricular - SIWT, SIW); 2) midterm (rating) control - conducted at least 2 times during the semester at the department in the form of tests and situational tasks; 3) final control - is carried out after the completion of the academic discipline at the 3rd semester of the 2nd year at the Department in the form of passing exams in the discipline - histology.

Conclusions: 1. To obtain a high individual and overall rating of students, it is necessary to follow the optimal algorithm for conducting a practical lesson, which involves the submission of material by a teacher with the obligatory consideration of the basic level of students’ preparation.

2. The use of 3-stage control (current, midterm and final) will allow to fully assess the conformity of the acquired knowledge, skills and abilities of students in the discipline, as well as to widely introduce modern innovative technologies in the educational process, the resources of which are provided by the Institute.

Purpose of the study. The 16th session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan was a new political space and opened a new page in the history of the Tajik nation. On November 16, 1992, the 16th session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan (the twelfth convocation) held in the Arbobi Palace in the ancient city of Khujand is the best and most important action for the development of the country’s independence. This session and its legal documents played a decisive role in the protection of national statehood and the development of democratic institutions in Tajikistan.

Research materials and methods. In the study, a comprehensive analytical approach was used, as well as a review of literature and previous studies in this field. The founder of peace and national unity - the leader of the nation, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Honorable Emomali Rahmon, as early as 1992, defined the role and position of the Session as an event that shaped the destiny of the nation, because it created a revolution in the country.

The results of the study and their discussion. The 16th session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan was a new political space and opened a new page in the history of the Tajik nation. On November 16, 1992, the 16th session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tajikistan (the twelfth convocation) held in the Arbobi Palace in the ancient city of Khujand is the best and most important action for the development of the country’s independence. This session and its legal documents played a decisive role in the protection of national statehood and the development of democratic institutions in Tajikistan.

Conclusion. The new state system, which was designed by the President of the country as a result of the constitutional reforms and the legislative system, created an environment and a real basis for the freedom of man and society. Along with the freedom of thought, conscience, and will, the freedom of economic activities was created for a citizen.

Purpose of the study. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the use of creative tasks in teaching history and their impact on the development of analytical thinking in students, comparing them with other methods of teaching this subject.

Research materials and methods. The study used a comprehensive analytical approach, as well as a review of the literature and previous research in the field. Through a systematic review and analysis of data from available sources, a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of various methods of teaching history was carried out, with an emphasis on the use of creative tasks and their impact on the development of analytical thinking among students.

The results of the study and their discussion. The results of the study showed that the use of creative tasks in teaching history significantly contributes to the development of analytical thinking among students in comparison with traditional teaching methods. The discussion revealed that creative tasks stimulate a deeper understanding of historical events, as well as develop the ability to analyze and synthesize information, which enriches the learning process and contributes to the formation of critical thinking among students.

Conclusion. In conclusion, the results of the study confirm the importance of introducing creative tasks into the educational process of history to stimulate students' analytical thinking. This approach not only enriches the educational experience, but also contributes to a deeper and more meaningful assimilation of historical knowledge.