Purpose of the study. To improve the implementation of the results of the invented methods of reconstructive and restorative operations for anomalies in the development of the genitourinary organs in children.

Material and research methods. The paper analyzed urograms of 84 sick children who underwent reconstructive and restorative operations according to the invented new methods: with a secondary stone, ingrown, everted and retracted inside the pelvis of the ureter 22 (26.2%), sclerosis of the bladder neck 28 (33.3%), extraphy of the bladder 10 (11.9%), diverticulum of the bladder 15 (17.9%), ectopia of the mouth of the ureter into the diverticulum 6 (7.1%), perforation of the kidney with a stand 3 (3.6%).

Results of the study and their discussion. The pathogenetic bases of anomalies and their complications, methods of reconstructive and restorative operations performed in the pediatric urological department of the clinic, the pediatric surgical department of the State Educational Institution “TSMU named after A.I. Abuali ibn Sino” in the form of radiographs, surgical aids according to the invented methods in 84 patients who underwent reconstructive and restorative operations, urograms and schematic drawings of patients with nephrolithiasis against the background of an abnormally located ureter retracted into the pelvis, which is the cause of an ingrown stone of the ureter retracted into the pelvis, as well as reconstructive and restorative operations for urinary tract anomalies in children according to the invented methods of the clinic.

Conclusion. Successes have been achieved in improving the methods of surgical correction of malformations by simultaneous combined operations and the implemented results of inventions in clinics of the republic and abroad, including the Military Medical Academy of Afghanistan and the Gabriel Hospital Tour R. Mali.

Target. To characterize the dental status of children of younger, middle and adolescence.

Material and research methods. An assessment was made of the prevalence of caries and its intensity among 90 children of various age groups, the younger group 6 years old 20 children, the middle age group 12 years old 45 children, and adolescents 15 years old 25 children. Evaluated (KPU index), calculated the average values of indicators (%, M), standard error (± m).

Results of the study and their discussion. In middle-aged children, the “K” component begins to register in the structure of the KPU index, this dynamics is characterized by the fact that with age a pronounced upward trend is revealed, for example, in adolescents 4.04 ± 2.08, which is more than 2 times compared to with middle age children. An identical picture is also recorded with another component of the “P” index (filling) so if in 6-year-old children from was only 0.1 ± 0.02, then with age, this indicator also had a pronounced upward trend and amounted to 2.15 ± 0.15. Consequently, among adolescents, the “P” component prevails and it is equal to 2.15 ± 0.15, while the “K” component is 1.57 ± 0.13, which is 1.3 times less.

Conclusions. An age dependence of the prevalence and intensity of caries has been established. In middle-aged children, the “K” component begins to register in the structure of the KPU index, which has a pronounced upward trend with age. Based on the results of the study, we found that among mothers and children, there is an insufficiently high level of dental education to prevent dental caries and other dental diseases. According to the results of the survey, it was found that about 3/3 (84.6%) of the respondents prefer soft foods. Particular attention in carrying out explanatory work to prevent the development of caries requires a radical review of the existing methodology for organizing and conducting work, especially among children.

Every year in the Republic of Tajikistan, more than 3,000 patients are diagnosed with cancer. The geographical location of Tajikistan with high insolation in the region is a key risk factor for skin cancer. X-ray therapy is successfully used for the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer, and other oncological and non-oncological diseases. To date, the calculation of the need for X-ray therapy systems has not been carried out.

Objective: to analyze the needs of the Republic of Tajikistan in radiotherapy equipment. Material and research methods: methods of bibliographic and information search, semantic search, analysis of scientific literature and normative legal acts, economic method of mathematical modeling.

Results of the study and their discussion. The need for radiotherapy devices for Tajikistan can be calculated in three ways: “by the number of the population served” 12 devices, “by the number of oncological dispensaries in the country” 5 units, “by oncological morbidity” (Lean management approach) one system. The proposed models should be adjusted taking into account the territorial accessibility of the method for the population, current clinical recommendations, as well as the availability of other radiotherapy equipment.

Conclusion. X-ray therapy is of particular interest to the organization of oncological care due to the low cost of devices in comparison with other radiotherapy equipment, as well as the low cost of their maintenance, high operational efficiency and ease of use. Heads of medical institutions need to know different approaches to calculate the needs.

The purpose of the study: Based on the analysis of available sources, to identify the originaladvanced pages of the history of medicine of the Scythians and Sarmatians. To conduct a comparative analysis of the culture of medicine of that era, the level of borrowing culture of medicine, assimilation of the culture of the Scythians with the culture and medicine of other tribes.

Research methods: The research methodology is a chronological analysis of the works of the ancient authors named below as primary sources, as well as materials and results of archaeological excavations described in modern historical literature. In the course of the study, a brief comparative analysis of the medicine of the tribes of antiquity was carried out. An analysis of the available scientific works, first of all, of Herodotus, Strabo, Pliny and Theophrastus testifies to the specifics and differences in the culture of medicine of the Scythians and Sarmatians, which are not similar to the culture of other tribes.

The result of the study: The research results are scientific facts: Greek historians (Herodotus, Pliny, Marcellinus, Alexandrian doctors Ctesias and Aristogiton) and highly cultured doctors of ancient Greece Abaris, Toxaris, Achilles, as well as the poet Ovid Nazon, recognized that the Scythian doctors Anacharsis and Toxarides are much known as doctors, not only among the tribesmen, but far beyond the vast lands occupied by the Scythians and Sarmatians.

In the history of world civilization, the Scythians and Sarmatians have left a bright and unique mark all over the world. They have supplemented the history of culture in general and the history of medicine in particular. To this day, the results of archaeological finds of Scythian mounds found on the territory of Central Asia and the Volga region contribute to the development of world culture and medicine.

Conclusion: The territory of Central Asia and Beyond is one of the oldest centers of world civilization. Since the end of the 111th millennium BC, the tribes inhabiting the territory of Central Asia (Scythians, Saks, Sarmatians, Massagets and Dahs), having assimilated with the indigenous tribes-Dravidians, laid the foundation of the culture formed by the beginning of the 11-1 millennium BC, ancient Central Asian peoples-Khorezmians, Sogdians and Bactrians-the ancestors of modern Tajiks.

In studying the medical-oriented culture of ancient and medieval peoples, close attention should be paid to socio-economic and cultural institutions, social consequences of the development of medicine. Only with this approach, “medical culture” can contribute to the formation of the concept of a “holistic person” as the author of the historical process. The history of medicine, as part of the general culture of the Scythians as a whole, and one of the most ancient cultures of the world civilization, has not yet been fully studied and remains the subject of study of many humanities and medical sciences.

Aim. To determine changes in the demographic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study included patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) registered in Dushanbe before (2017-2019 нуфкы) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021).

Research results and discussion. The mean age of patients before the COVID-19 pandemic was 36.5±16.9 years (1.7-79.4), in the COVID-19 period 34.4±17 years (2.9-80.2). During the pandemic, there was a statistically significant increase in the proportion of workers among MDR TB patients compared with the unemployed (OR = 1.4; 95% CI 1.02-1.91; p = 0.05), an increase in the proportion of patients with lung destruction in both newly diagnosed (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.99–5.87; p<0.001) and previously treated patients (OR 4.2; 95% CI 1.38–12.99; p =0.002,), increased in extrapulmonary tuberculosis registration (OR=1.7; 95% CI 1.34-2.22; p<0.001), which indicates an unfavorable epidemiological situation in terms of MDR-TB. There were no statistically significant changes in the registration of concomitant diseases.

Conclusion. It is recommended to improve the implementation of TB infection prevention and control measures at all levels, strengthening the early detection of TB and MDR TB patients by primary health care workers.

Purpose of the study. To study the prevalence, ways of preventing iodine deficiency, to analyze retrospectively the dynamics of the main epidemiological indicators of primary morbidity.

Materials and methods of research. To study the causes of the prevalence and ways of preventing iodine deficiency among the population of the republic, a retrospective analysis of domestic and foreign literature of state official statistics, Internet resources-articles, dissertations on iodine deficiency and women’s reproductive health was conducted.

The results of the study and their discussion. According to the map of soil zoning, Tajikistan belongs to the zone of mild, moderate iodine deficiency. The soil in the regions of the republic is mainly serozem and is considered poor in iodine content (1.33.8 mg/kg). In the structure of endocrine diseases, endemic goiter in the republic, which occurs as a complication of iodine deficiency diseases, occupies the first place. Of all the regions of the republic, the Sughd region is the most problematic on this issue, where endemic goiter is registered annually in 4.5% 6% of the population. Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region is only 1% behind on iodine deficiency issues. One of the congenital forms of iodine deficiency or hypothyroidism is the birth of premature babies and children with impaired brain functions. In Tajikistan, according to statistics, about 3% of children are born prematurely, and 1% of all live births (w/r) are with congenital pathology.

Conclusion. In regions where the soil is poor in iodine, also in our republic, mass iodine prophylaxis should be carried out constantly, among all groups of the population without exception, regardless of age, thyroid condition and the body as a whole. However, it can be recognized as effective only if at least 90% of families constantly consume only iodized salt. Such a level can be achieved only if there is a high degree of awareness of the population about the need and methods of iodine prevention.

The purpose of the study. Review of the legal, economic and organizational foundations of social protection of the disabled and rehabilitation of persons with limited opportunities and providing them with conditions and opportunities for education and training, equal opportunities for life and integration with society.

Materials and research methods. Research based on the study of legal regulations regulating the activities of persons with disabilities, analysis of the disability situation in the Republic of Tajikistan, forms of rehabilitation of persons with disabilities, methods and types of rehabilitation, social rehabilitation of persons with disabilities, the need to study various studies to determine the rehabilitation of persons has a limited opportunity and has been conducted.

Research results and their review. Study of social services of household, medical, health, cultural, educational, legal, physical training, social cohesion, rehabilitation and social adaptation of persons with limited opportunities to attract disabled people to social work, their integration into society, humanistic attitude and rehabilitation of disabled people, which is one of it is considered the central issues of social work, guides so that their way of life is adapted to the conditions of healthy people.

Conclusion. People with limited opportunities in the Republic of Tajikistan are constantly supported by the state and civil society, and specific measures are taken by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan to adapt their lifestyle to the conditions of healthy people. Education and training of persons with limited opportunities is carried out in special educational institutions, but due to the irresponsibility of some parents, not all of them are included in education and training on time.

Primary biliary cholangitis, previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is a rare autoimmune liver disease that mostly affects women. Disorder of biliary excretion and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in patients with primary biliary cholangitis in the early stages of the disease leads to their insufficient flow into the intestine and ingestion of bile acids into the general bloodstream. Insufficient intake of bile acids into the duodenum contributes to malabsorption, energetic malnutrition, and a slowly progressing weight loss. Pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of weight loss are related to impaired emulsification of fats and decreased absorption of hydrolyzed products fatty acids and monoglycerides, steatorrhea in patients with primary biliary cholangitis as well as to dysbiosis of intestinal microflora. Already in the early stages of the disease, this leads to accelerated ß-oxidation of fatty acids, which is aimed at compensating for the developing nutritional energy deficiency. Entry of bile acids into the general bloodstream in primary biliary cholangitis is accompanied by dyslipidemia. The mechanism of hyperlipidemia in patients with primary biliary cholangitis differs from that in other conditions because along with the increase in total cholesterol, there is an increase in high-density lipoproteins and the appearance of unusual lipoprotein X (Lp-X). The appearance of the latter is most likely a protective reaction of the body aimed at the inactivation of bile acids detergent action on membrane structures of blood-forming elements and vascular endotheliocytes. Exactly bile acids, but not the content of total cholesterol, correlates with the level of lipoprotein X and determine its formation. Concomitant hypercholesterolemia in patients with primary biliary cholangitis is also aimed at neutralizing the detergent action of bile acids that entered the general bloodstream and is most likely a compensatory reaction of the body. “Abnormal” hypercholesterolemia in primary biliary cholangitis can serve as a model system to search for and develop new ways of dyslipidemia treatment, as it proceeds without increasing the frequency of cardiovascular events.