Objective: tо tested the effectiveness of polyvalent bacteriophages in the prevention of acute intestinal diseases on people who had contact with patients.
Material and methods: during 2025, registered patients with acute intestinal infections at the Tashkent City Infectious Diseases Hospital, as well as their family members were selected for the study. During the study, bacteriological, epidemiological, molecular-genetic and statistical methods were applied.
Results: the findings of the study demonstrated that stool samples from 150 patients admitted to the Tashkent City Infectious Diseases Hospital with a diagnosis of acute intestinal infections (AII) were examined. In 41 patients, no causative agent was identified. In 79 patients, causative agents were detected. The etiological structure included bacterial AII, viral AII, and mixed (bacterial + viral) AII. To compare the effectiveness of the two bacteriophages, 44 patients were ated with Intestifag, while 35 patients received Gastrofag. Upon repeated PCR testing, in the Intestifag group, no pathogens were detected. In the Gastrofag group, two cases still tested positive for pathogens.
Conclusion: we found that both bacteria and viruses play a significant role in the etiology of acute intestinal infections. In emergency prevention, polyvalent bacteriophages Intestifag and Gastrofag did not significantly differ in their effects on bacteria. Both yielded high efficiency. Therefore, bacteriophages are recommended not only as a therapeutic agent, but also as an important alternative to antibiotics in the prevention strategy.

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy in children with large renal calculi and the prevention of complications.
Materials and methods: the study included 52 children with large renal calculi who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNL). The study groups included children aged from 1 to 18 years. The mean stone size was 1,65 ± 0,6 см. mm. Bilateral large renal calculi were detected in 15 (28.9%) children, while unilateral calculi were observed in 37 (71.1%).
Results: in children with bilateral large renal calculi, a two-stage percutaneous nephrolithotripsy was mainly performed — initially on one side and subsequently on the other side. Simultaneous PNL was performed only in 7 children. The criteria for simultaneous percutaneous nephrolithotripsy included the presence of large bilateral renal calculi, absence of clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis, absence of microbial growth in urinalysis, low and moderate renal stone density (360–850 HU and 900–1200 HU, respectively), as well as the absence of chronic kidney disease and infected hydronephrosis.
Conclusions: percutaneous nephrolithotripsy for large renal calculi is a highly effective treatment method; however, it is associated with a number of complications, including infectious processes, bleeding, and the risk of injury to adjacent organs. The most common complications are infectious-inflammatory processes and bleeding, which necessitates optimization of antibacterial prophylaxis methods and the use of modern hemostatic technologies. The development of an individualized approach for patients with large calculi and the introduction of innovative treatment methods can significantly reduce the frequency of complications and improve outcomes. The implementation of new technologies in urological practice, such as mini-percutaneous procedures, multi-tract access, and the use of various energy sources for stone fragmentation, makes this intervention highly effective and safe in pediatric patients.

Objective: to study the mechanism by which TORCH infections influence the development of congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities.
Materials and methods: this study is based on a retrospective analysis of 6,343 pregnant women examined between 2021 and 2025. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine IgM and IgG antibodies to infectious agents, including human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). Ultrasound examination was performed based on the trimesters of pregnancy. Statistical processing was performed using the specialized STATISTICA-2016 software.
Results. results of the first and second TORCH screenings showed that during the first three years, one in two pregnant women had a viral infection. Of the 606 pregnant women, 40.0% had an infection, one in three had a history of a serious obstetric problem, one in six women had consanguineous marriages, and one in ten was over 35 years of age. The number of cases of congenital malformations detected in the second trimester of pregnancy compared to the first trimester increased almost threefold, with infection identified as the primary contributing factor in 44.0%.
Conclusions: cytomegaloviruses account for over 50% of the causes of congenital malformations. During organogenesis and fetal development, CMV infection is the leading factor in the development of congenital malformations. Among the causes of congenital malformations, a negative obstetric history ranks second, followed by consanguineous marriage.

Objective: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC) as part of multimodal treatment in patients with advanced ovarian cancer and peritoneal carcinomatosis.
Material and methods: a retrospective‑prospective analysis of 129 patients was performed. The main cohort (n=53) received PIPAC in 2023–2025; the control group (n=76) received standard chemotherapy. Peritoneal cancer index (PCI), peritoneal regression grading score (PRGS), RECIST 1.1 response, CA-125, HE4, ROMA index, progression‑free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), toxicity (CTCAE v5.0) and quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30/OV28) were assessed.
Results: in the main group, FIGO stage III was diagnosed in 47 (88.7%) patients, stage IV – in 6 (11.3%). Median PCI decreased from 36 [31;39] to 28 [22;34] points (p=0.038). CA-125 reduction >50% was observed in 73.6% (p=0.021), HE4 >50% in 65.8% (p=0.017), ROMA >25% in 62.3% (p=0.024). PRGS 1–2 regression was achieved in 60%. Ascites reduction was documented in 61.5% (p=0.029), pain relief – in 66.7% (p=0.014). ORR was 52.8% vs. 36.8% in controls (RR=1.43; 95% CI 1.02–2.01; p=0.041), DCR – 86.8% vs. 73.7% (RR=1.18; 95% CI 1.01–1.39; p=0.048). Median PFS was 14.8 vs. 10.2 months (HR=0.68; 95% CI 0.47–0.94; p=0.032), OS – 24.6 vs. 18.1 months (HR=0.71; 95% CI 0.52–0.97; p=0.041). Quality of life improved from 52 to 68 points (p=0.009). Toxicity was acceptable.
Conclusion: PIPAC incorporation into multimodal treatment reduces peritoneal tumour burden, improves local control, alleviates ascites and pain, and enhances quality of life in patients with advanced ovarian cancer and peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
Material and methods: a prospective study was conducted involving patients receiving chemotherapy regimens with different emetogenic potentials. The severity of nausea and vomiting was assessed during the acute (0–24 hours) and delayed (24–120 hours) phases following chemotherapy using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v5.0). The analysis was performed according to the emetogenic risk of the administered treatment regimens.
Results: effective control of CINV symptoms was achieved in the majority of patients. In the highly emetogenic chemotherapy group, no cases of acute nausea or vomiting were observed, while only grade 1 nausea without vomiting was recorded during the delayed phase. In patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy, mild episodes of nausea and vomiting were observed in the delayed period. No clinically significant manifestations of CINV were reported among patients receiving low-emetogenic regimens, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. No trend toward increased symptom severity with subsequent treatment cycles was identified.
Conclusions: the antiemetic regimens used in this study provided effective control of both acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. The findings support the use of modern combination antiemetic strategies and demonstrate that satisfactory control of CINV can be achieved even in settings with limited availability of certain antiemetic medications.

Objective: to study the characteristics of laboratory and laparoscopic verification of purulent-septic pathologies of the pelvic organs.
Material and methods: the study is based on an analysis of 139 patients with purulent-septic pathologies of the pelvic organs. The group of women with purulent-septic pathologies of the pelvic organs included: acute purulent adnexitis - 45, acute purulent salpingitis - 24, suppurating ovarian cysts - 58, and TOA - 12. All patients underwent clinical and laboratory tests, and women in the study group underwent laparoscopy.
Results: to facilitate the early detection of ongoing postoperative pelvic peritonitis and intra-abdominal abscesses, a laboratory diagnostic technique based on the assessment of markers of the systemic inflammatory response was developed. In patients with purulent-septic diseases of the pelvic organs, significantly elevated levels of interleukin-6, MWM, and MDA were detected, indicating activation of endogenous intoxication and oxidative stress. Diagnostic laparoscopy results demonstrated a high rate of discrepancies between preliminary and final diagnoses. The highest rate of diagnostic errors (23.2%) was recorded in patients with suspected ovarian apoplexy, ectopic pregnancy, and acute appendicitis, in whom acute purulent salpingitis and pelvic peritonitis were finally confirmed. These data confirm the high informative value of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of urgent gynecological pathology.
Conclusions: elevated interleukin-6 levels in combination with oxidative stress markers can serve as an additional indicator of the severity of the purulent-inflammatory process and the risk of pelvic peritonitis progression. Diagnostic laparoscopy is a highly informative method for verifying purulent-septic diseases of the pelvic organs, ensuring accurate diagnosis and the possibility of performing therapeutic interventions.

Objective: to identify independent clinical, metabolic, and behavioral factors associated with rapid CKD progression in patients at stages C3–C4 based on a comparative analysis.

Material and Methods: this retrospective study included 483 patients with CKD stages C3–C4. Rapid progression was defined as a decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) >5 ml/min/1.73 m² per year or initiation of kidney replacement therapy. Patients were divided into rapid progression (RP, n=158) and slow progression (SP, n=325) groups. Demographic, clinical, laboratory parameters and treatment adherence were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, χ² test, and binary logistic regression.

Results: The RP group demonstrated a higher prevalence of smoking (47.5% vs. 28.3%), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use (26.6% vs. 16.9%), chronic heart failure (CHF: 59.5% vs. 27.1%), and immunoinflammatory nephropathies, as well as more pronounced proteinuria, elevated systolic blood pressure (BP), and low treatment adherence. Independent predictors of rapid progression were proteinuria >1.5 g/day (OR=4.8; 95% CI 3.1–7.4), uncontrolled hypertension (OR=3.2; 95% CI 2.1–4.9), low adherence (OR=2.9; 95% CI 1.9–4.4), HbA1c >8% (OR=2.5; 95% CI 1.6–3.9), hyperphosphatemia >1.6 mmol/l (OR=1.9; 95% CI 1.3–2.9), and smoking (OR=1.7; 95% CI 1.1–2.6).

Conclusions: rapid CKD progression forms a clinical and metabolic phenotype characterized by a predominance of immunoinflammatory nephropathies, severe proteinuria, uncontrolled hypertension, and low treatment adherence. These findings substantiate the need for comprehensive strategies aimed at controlling modifiable risk factors and overcoming behavioral barriers.

Objective: to study the socio-demographic, perinatal and early clinical characteristics of children with ASD in Dushanbe.
Material and methods: a prospective cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted involving a one-time survey of parents of 280 children with ASD. The prospective component consisted of targeted collection of primary data according to a predefined study protocol, while the cross-sectional component involved a single-time assessment of family, medical-biological, and early clinical characteristics without subsequent follow-up.
Results: boys predominated in the study sample, accounting for 227 (81.1%) cases, while girls represented 53 (18.9%). The most represented age group was children aged 5-9 years (110; 39.3%). Two-parent families accounted for 72.5%, and families with two or more children for 75.4%; 84.6% of parents reported low or moderate socioeconomic status. Physiological pregnancy was reported by 36.1% of mothers; maternal anemia occurred in 42.1%, toxicosis in 47.1%, and threatened miscarriage in 28.2%. Hypoxic-ischemic central nervous system injury was recorded in 33.6% of children, while 31.4% required hospitalization during the neonatal period. Delayed first words were identified in 60.0% of children and delayed phrase speech in 73.6%. The first warning signs appeared before 24 months of age in 73.9% of children. The leading manifestations included delayed speech development (81.8%), reduced eye contact (76.1%), lack of response to name (69.6%), and absence of pointing gestures (67.1%). The findings indicate a combination of social vulnerability, antenatal and perinatal burden, and early socio-communicative deficits, highlighting the need to strengthen primary screening and parental education programs.

Objective: to study the hypolipidemic effect of “Hepatol”—a complex of essential oils (origanum, fennel, geranium, and sunflower)—in hamsters with experimental cholelithiasis.
Material and methods: an experimental model of hyperlipidemia in hamsters—along with the associated manifestations of bile metabolism disorders—was induced using a dry cholelithogenic and hyperlipidemic diet (CHLD) developed at the vivarium of the Department of Pathophysiology and Experimental Pharmacology at the State Institution “Institute of Gastroenterology of the Republic of Tajikistan” (Dushanbe).Total cholesterol in blood serum was determined using the Liebermann-Burchard reaction as modified by Ilka, and the concentration of β-lipoproteins was measured according to Burstein [10]. Total serum lipids and triglyceride concentration were determined using standard methods [11–12].
Results: the survival rate of untreated (control) hamsters receiving dry HGLD was 45.0% after 6 months, compared to 60.0% in the intact group. Results obtained. The survival rate of untreated (control) hamsters receiving dry HGLD was 45.0% after 6 months, compared to 60.0% in the intact group. In the experimental group treated with the “Gepatol” essential oil complex at a dose of 50.0 mg/kg, the survival rate at the end of the experiments was 70.0%. Among hamsters treated with the standard drugs “Olimetin” (50.0 mg/kg) and “Chenofalk,” the survival rates were 55.0% and 45.0%, respectively. Body weight gain in hamsters treated with Hepatol and the reference drugs Olimetin and Chenofalk was lower at all time points of the study than in the untreated group.
Conclusion: the mechanism of the hypolipidemic action of the “Gepatol” essential oil complex is associated with the high content of origanum, geraniol, and fennel essential oils, which exhibit pronounced hypolipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and choleretic effects.

The article presents a clinical observation of 8 patients diagnosed with giant hydronephrosis, who underwent staged organ-preserving reconstructive and restorative surgical treatment. The main goal of surgical treatment is to restore urodynamics and preserve the organ.

The article presents an analysis of the data of a literature review of diabetes mellitus, which is steadily progressing and affects mainly people of working age, quickly leading to the development of systemic complications, vascular damage and the formation of micro- and macroangiopathies. Is presented provides information about the negative effect of hyperglycemia to the vascular endothelium. Relevance of the problem is determined by the difficulties of its timely diagnosis and treatment. In connection with the above, there is a basis for a holding further scientific research to study the functional state of the endothelium in diabetic kidney disease.

This review article analyzes the state of cellular and humoral immunity in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) before and after polychemotherapy (PCT). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is characterized by the clonal expansion of immature lymphoid cells, leading to significant immunosuppression and tumor evasion from immune surveillance. Key points of the review: Pre-treatment immune status: Patients exhibit decreased levels of T-lymphocytes (CD3+), altered CD4+/CD8+ ratios, suppression of NK-cell cytotoxic activity, and deficiencies in major immunoglobulin classes (IgG, IgA, IgM). Impact of chemotherapy: Intensive PCT regimens induce profound lymphopenia and a persistent decline in the functional potential of immune cells, which may persist for more than 6 months after the completion of treatment. Link to cardiotoxicity: Particular attention is paid to the role of immune disorders in the development of cardiovascular complications. It is established that systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress—driven by both the disease and its therapy—are key factors in myocardial and vascular damage. Diagnostics: Characteristic electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes serving as markers of early cardiotoxicity are described. Conclusion: An enhanced understanding of the relationship between immune disorders and the state of the cardiovascular system allows for the optimization of monitoring and prevention strategies for complications. This is critically important for improving the prognosis and quality of life for patients with ALL.